Wall clock time and date at job start Sun Mar 7 2021 07:39:15 AMSOL-version 7.1 by G. D. Hawkins, D. J. Giesen, G. C. Lynch, C. C. Chambers, I. Rossi, J. W. Storer, J. Li, J. D. Thompson, P. Winget, B. J. Lynch, D. Rinaldi, D. A. Liotard, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar Copyright 2004 by Regents of the University of Minnesota. All rights reserved. Notice: recipients of this code are asked to comply with the user agreement in Section 1 of the documentation file. ******************************************************************************* * 1SCF - SCF CALCULATION WITHOUT GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION * - USE EF ROUTINE FOR MINIMUM SEARCH (DEFAULT) * GEO-OK - OVERRIDE INTERATOMIC DISTANCE CHECK * TLIMIT= - A TIME OF 15. SECONDS REQUESTED * CHARGE - CHARGE ON SYSTEM= 0 * AM1 - THE AM1 HAMILTONIAN TO BE USED * SM5.42R - SM5.42R CALCULATIONS WILL BE PERFORMED * - CHARGE MODEL 2 WILL BE USED (CM2A) * - THE SOLVENT IS WATER ******************************************************************************* Atom NO. Chemical Bond length Bond angle Dihedral angle number (k) symbol (angstroms) (degrees) (degrees) (I) NA:I NB:NA:I NC:NB:NA:I NA NB NC 1 1 C 2 2 N 1.46903 * 1 3 3 C 1.46895 * 111.00197 * 2 1 4 4 C 1.50707 * 109.46909 * 66.04131 * 3 2 1 5 5 O 1.21274 * 120.00114 * 0.02562 * 4 3 2 6 6 N 1.34781 * 119.99371 * 180.02562 * 4 3 2 7 7 C 1.46505 * 119.99466 * 180.02562 * 6 4 3 8 8 H 1.08995 * 112.90835 * 336.24507 * 7 6 4 9 9 C 1.54050 * 113.61506 * 107.61757 * 7 6 4 10 10 C 1.53773 * 87.07763 * 89.06679 * 9 7 6 11 11 H 1.08999 * 113.69870 * 270.87061 * 10 9 7 12 12 C 1.52999 * 113.61260 * 139.97642 * 10 9 7 13 13 C 1.53001 * 109.47464 * 317.52825 * 12 10 9 14 14 C 1.53006 * 109.47393 * 77.52425 * 12 10 9 15 15 C 1.52998 * 109.47414 * 197.52500 * 12 10 9 16 16 C 1.53781 * 113.60876 * 204.99908 * 7 6 4 17 17 C 1.39677 * 111.00088 * 236.04050 * 2 1 3 18 18 C 1.38885 * 120.07601 * 243.67710 * 17 2 1 19 19 C 1.50710 * 120.03748 * 0.02562 * 18 17 2 20 20 O 1.42905 * 109.46800 * 284.99790 * 19 18 17 21 21 Si 1.86295 * 109.47123 * 164.99798 * 19 18 17 22 22 C 1.38120 * 119.92513 * 179.74879 * 18 17 2 23 23 C 1.38265 * 120.07538 * 0.53316 * 22 18 17 24 24 C 1.50699 * 119.92779 * 179.76710 * 23 22 18 25 25 F 1.39896 * 109.46997 * 179.97438 * 24 23 22 26 26 F 1.39898 * 109.47046 * 299.97653 * 24 23 22 27 27 F 1.39898 * 109.47191 * 59.97639 * 24 23 22 28 28 C 1.38314 * 120.14527 * 359.74454 * 23 22 18 29 29 C 1.38076 * 120.07634 * 359.97438 * 28 23 22 30 30 H 1.08997 * 109.46545 * 60.00496 * 1 2 3 31 31 H 1.09005 * 109.47175 * 179.97438 * 1 2 3 32 32 H 1.08998 * 109.47549 * 300.00442 * 1 2 3 33 33 H 1.08999 * 109.46877 * 306.04734 * 3 2 1 34 34 H 1.08997 * 109.47643 * 186.04472 * 3 2 1 35 35 H 0.96998 * 120.00223 * 359.97438 * 6 4 3 36 36 H 1.09005 * 113.61466 * 334.51980 * 9 7 6 37 37 H 1.08997 * 113.68657 * 203.63055 * 9 7 6 38 38 H 1.08992 * 109.47447 * 66.29571 * 13 12 10 39 39 H 1.08997 * 109.47732 * 186.30578 * 13 12 10 40 40 H 1.09011 * 109.46572 * 306.30169 * 13 12 10 41 41 H 1.09002 * 109.46520 * 60.00013 * 14 12 10 42 42 H 1.08999 * 109.47405 * 180.02562 * 14 12 10 43 43 H 1.08997 * 109.46505 * 300.00308 * 14 12 10 44 44 H 1.09000 * 109.46983 * 60.00417 * 15 12 10 45 45 H 1.09007 * 109.47402 * 180.02562 * 15 12 10 46 46 H 1.09005 * 109.47458 * 299.99964 * 15 12 10 47 47 H 1.09002 * 113.61328 * 156.33554 * 16 7 6 48 48 H 1.08990 * 113.62168 * 25.51323 * 16 7 6 49 49 H 1.08998 * 109.47088 * 44.99632 * 19 18 17 50 50 H 0.96703 * 113.99931 * 299.99674 * 20 19 18 51 51 H 1.48496 * 110.00072 * 179.97438 * 21 19 18 52 52 H 1.48501 * 110.00283 * 301.31798 * 21 19 18 53 53 H 1.08007 * 119.96580 * 180.27481 * 22 18 17 54 54 H 1.08003 * 119.96094 * 180.02562 * 28 23 22 55 55 H 1.07999 * 120.03745 * 180.02562 * 29 28 23 Note: An asterisk (*) indicates this parameter was or will be optimized. Cartesian coordinates (angstroms) NO. Atom X Y Z 1 6 0.0000 0.0000 0.0000 2 7 1.4690 0.0000 0.0000 3 6 1.9955 1.3714 0.0000 4 6 1.6369 2.0471 1.2985 5 8 1.0054 1.4454 2.1410 6 7 2.0180 3.3202 1.5232 7 6 1.6699 3.9769 2.7857 8 1 0.7978 3.5350 3.2675 9 6 2.8696 4.1689 3.7328 10 6 3.1055 5.5177 3.0332 11 1 3.7563 5.4511 2.1614 12 6 3.5070 6.6423 3.9897 13 6 2.6463 6.5694 5.2526 14 6 4.9815 6.4881 4.3680 15 6 3.2948 7.9941 3.3054 16 6 1.6074 5.5102 2.6856 17 6 1.9696 -0.7284 -1.0816 18 6 2.7166 -1.8782 -0.8604 19 6 2.9879 -2.3423 0.5476 20 8 3.9823 -1.5054 1.1417 21 14 3.5967 -4.1027 0.5147 22 6 3.2057 -2.5990 -1.9323 23 6 2.9618 -2.1710 -3.2242 24 6 3.5014 -2.9571 -4.3911 25 9 3.1275 -2.3335 -5.5863 26 9 4.8970 -3.0124 -4.3107 27 9 2.9808 -4.2552 -4.3597 28 6 2.2231 -1.0232 -3.4479 29 6 1.7263 -0.3012 -2.3810 30 1 -0.3632 0.5138 -0.8900 31 1 -0.3634 -1.0277 -0.0005 32 1 -0.3634 0.5139 0.8899 33 1 1.5611 1.9273 -0.8309 34 1 3.0798 1.3444 -0.1082 35 1 2.5234 3.8013 0.8495 36 1 3.6716 3.4480 3.5733 37 1 2.5886 4.2641 4.7816 38 1 2.8800 5.6559 5.7993 39 1 2.8532 7.4336 5.8838 40 1 1.5924 6.5667 4.9743 41 1 5.5947 6.5400 3.4683 42 1 5.2675 7.2890 5.0498 43 1 5.1326 5.5250 4.8556 44 1 2.2444 8.1041 3.0360 45 1 3.5813 8.7953 3.9867 46 1 3.9081 8.0462 2.4057 47 1 0.9800 5.9723 3.4478 48 1 1.3904 5.8738 1.6813 49 1 2.0695 -2.2863 1.1319 50 1 4.8281 -1.5061 0.6730 51 1 3.8685 -4.5720 1.8971 52 1 2.5849 -4.9781 -0.1297 53 1 3.7829 -3.4957 -1.7610 54 1 2.0340 -0.6919 -4.4583 55 1 1.1492 0.5948 -2.5564 There are 75 doubly filled levels RHF calculation, no. of doubly occupied orbitals= 75 No. of singly occupied orbitals= 1 REFERENCES FOR PARAMETERS IN GAS-PHASE HAMILTONIAN: H: (AM1): M.J.S. DEWAR ET AL, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 107 3902-3909 (1985) C: (AM1): M.J.S. DEWAR ET AL, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 107 3902-3909 (1985) N: (AM1): M.J.S. DEWAR ET AL, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 107 3902-3909 (1985) O: (AM1): M.J.S. DEWAR ET AL, J. AM. CHEM. SOC. 107 3902-3909 (1985) F: (AM1): M.J.S. DEWAR AND E. G. ZOEBISCH, THEOCHEM, 180, 1 (1988). Si: (AM1): M.J.S.DEWAR, C. JIE, ORGANOMETALLICS, 6, 1486-1490 (1987). REFERENCE FOR CHARGE MODEL 2: J. Li, J. Xing, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, J. Chem. Phys. 111 (1999) 885. REFERENCE FOR THE PARAMETERIZATION OF THE SM5.42R SOLVATION MODEL: J. Li, T. Zhu, G. D. Hawkins, P. Winget, D. A. Liotard, C. J. Cramer, and D. G. Truhlar, Theor. Chem. Acc. 103 (1999) 9-63 P. Winget, J. D. Thompson C. J. Cramer,and D. G. Truhlar, J. Phys. Chem. B. submitted. CHARGE=0 AM1 1SCF TLIMIT=15 GEO-OK SM5.42R & SOLVNT=WATER s_22_17664192_6406254.mol2 55 1SCF WAS SPECIFIED, SO GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION WAS NOT USED SCF FIELD WAS ACHIEVED Wall clock time and date at job start Sun Mar 7 2021 07:39:15 Heat of formation + Delta-G solvation = -146.143528 kcal Electronic energy + Delta-G solvation = -39322.678782 eV Core-core repulsion = 33912.673159 eV Total energy + Delta-G solvation = -5410.005622 eV No. of doubly occupied orbitals = 75 and no. of open levels = 1 Molecular weight (most abundant/longest-lived isotopes) = 401.196 amu Computer time = 1.73 seconds Orbital eigenvalues (eV) -51.18062 -48.70937 -48.63784 -41.83120 -41.31606 -40.01118 -37.75045 -37.55447 -36.41471 -33.73588 -32.97323 -32.08068 -29.43800 -28.43428 -28.19461 -27.61703 -27.00346 -26.22406 -25.89005 -24.92325 -23.33148 -22.21149 -21.55123 -21.13099 -19.60473 -19.49894 -19.39567 -19.06355 -18.45643 -17.72042 -17.61779 -17.02856 -16.84313 -16.41594 -16.32147 -16.28289 -15.85667 -15.78179 -15.54492 -15.47733 -15.30301 -15.18719 -15.11688 -15.07954 -14.84986 -14.79819 -14.68388 -14.60218 -14.29592 -14.22336 -13.95909 -13.79137 -13.70859 -13.46853 -13.25165 -13.21903 -12.95390 -12.84546 -12.68300 -12.67395 -12.53365 -12.38464 -12.28461 -12.00301 -11.97357 -11.82704 -11.30137 -11.07315 -10.89384 -10.83644 -10.41141 -10.21203 -10.10262 -10.00318 -9.55322 -5.08816 -0.33763 0.02380 1.24869 1.57179 1.60984 1.62011 1.93093 1.94924 2.19792 2.64673 2.76604 2.95695 3.37944 3.49754 3.56263 3.59213 3.65209 3.70654 3.73338 3.79264 3.88775 4.03925 4.05638 4.09657 4.13013 4.20317 4.29205 4.31245 4.31766 4.41176 4.43937 4.52382 4.58130 4.63848 4.74814 4.76291 4.79734 4.84312 4.87148 4.89618 4.97679 4.98500 4.98904 5.02230 5.05365 5.15616 5.17614 5.20102 5.23506 5.28554 5.41168 5.42987 5.50982 5.52446 5.62993 5.73628 6.16183 6.57291 6.84922 7.29142 Net atomic charges, atomic populations, and dipole contributions calculated with CM2 Atom NO. Type Charge No. of electrons 1 C 0.025 3.975 2 N -0.502 5.502 3 C 0.048 3.952 4 C 0.516 3.484 5 O -0.564 6.564 6 N -0.701 5.701 7 C 0.117 3.883 8 H 0.076 0.924 9 C -0.150 4.150 10 C -0.087 4.087 11 H 0.096 0.904 12 C -0.058 4.058 13 C -0.149 4.149 14 C -0.141 4.141 15 C -0.139 4.139 16 C -0.132 4.132 17 C 0.140 3.860 18 C -0.103 4.103 19 C -0.045 4.045 20 O -0.541 6.541 21 Si 0.752 3.248 22 C -0.059 4.059 23 C -0.186 4.186 24 C 0.509 3.491 25 F -0.178 7.178 26 F -0.175 7.175 27 F -0.183 7.183 28 C -0.053 4.053 29 C -0.144 4.144 30 H 0.048 0.952 31 H 0.064 0.936 32 H 0.076 0.924 33 H 0.097 0.903 34 H 0.122 0.878 35 H 0.415 0.585 36 H 0.057 0.943 37 H 0.091 0.909 38 H 0.054 0.946 39 H 0.052 0.948 40 H 0.062 0.938 41 H 0.057 0.943 42 H 0.051 0.949 43 H 0.049 0.951 44 H 0.058 0.942 45 H 0.050 0.950 46 H 0.057 0.943 47 H 0.099 0.901 48 H 0.083 0.917 49 H 0.099 0.901 50 H 0.390 0.610 51 H -0.297 1.297 52 H -0.286 1.286 53 H 0.154 0.846 54 H 0.157 0.843 55 H 0.156 0.844 For the charges calculated by CM2: Dipole moment (debyes) X Y Z Total from point charges 2.421 6.195 -4.068 7.797 Note: The Mulliken population analysis charges presented below were not used in the solvation calculation but are provided for completeness. The chosen solvation model uses CM2 partial charges for calculating solvation energies. Net atomic charges, atomic populations, and dipole contributions using Mulliken population analysis Atom NO. Type Charge No. of electrons 1 C -0.121 4.121 2 N -0.223 5.223 3 C -0.081 4.081 4 C 0.303 3.697 5 O -0.442 6.442 6 N -0.354 5.354 7 C 0.011 3.989 8 H 0.094 0.906 9 C -0.189 4.189 10 C -0.106 4.106 11 H 0.115 0.885 12 C -0.058 4.058 13 C -0.206 4.206 14 C -0.198 4.198 15 C -0.197 4.197 16 C -0.170 4.170 17 C 0.045 3.955 18 C -0.105 4.105 19 C -0.156 4.156 20 O -0.348 6.348 21 Si 0.658 3.342 22 C -0.077 4.077 23 C -0.187 4.187 24 C 0.455 3.545 25 F -0.159 7.159 26 F -0.157 7.157 27 F -0.164 7.164 28 C -0.071 4.071 29 C -0.164 4.164 30 H 0.067 0.933 31 H 0.083 0.917 32 H 0.094 0.906 33 H 0.115 0.885 34 H 0.140 0.860 35 H 0.252 0.748 36 H 0.076 0.924 37 H 0.110 0.890 38 H 0.073 0.927 39 H 0.071 0.929 40 H 0.081 0.919 41 H 0.076 0.924 42 H 0.070 0.930 43 H 0.068 0.932 44 H 0.077 0.923 45 H 0.069 0.931 46 H 0.076 0.924 47 H 0.117 0.883 48 H 0.101 0.899 49 H 0.117 0.883 50 H 0.239 0.761 51 H -0.224 1.224 52 H -0.212 1.212 53 H 0.171 0.829 54 H 0.175 0.825 55 H 0.173 0.827 Dipole moment (debyes) X Y Z Total from point charges 1.504 4.828 -2.372 5.585 hybrid contribution -0.538 0.509 -0.754 1.057 sum 0.966 5.337 -3.126 6.260 Atomic orbital electron populations 1.22568 0.84706 1.02685 1.02161 1.59064 1.09175 1.13325 1.40732 1.22054 1.03394 0.87880 0.94780 1.20812 0.78359 0.81528 0.88994 1.90692 1.40931 1.64672 1.47869 1.45526 1.57483 1.13098 1.19280 1.21813 0.97906 0.93926 0.85284 0.90611 1.23596 0.98018 0.97487 0.99757 1.22564 0.96213 0.93521 0.98264 0.88537 1.20415 0.95302 0.95050 0.95034 1.22048 1.00021 1.01525 0.97025 1.21845 0.95304 1.01352 1.01341 1.21831 1.01927 0.95588 1.00319 1.23387 0.97121 0.93142 1.03354 1.18884 0.94312 0.93292 0.88965 1.20238 0.98999 0.95498 0.95743 1.24828 0.94906 1.04969 0.90894 1.86583 1.24840 1.68860 1.54530 0.94556 0.86718 0.72804 0.80152 1.20775 0.97572 0.99013 0.90380 1.19950 1.06703 0.99665 0.92421 1.18332 0.75809 0.77675 0.82670 1.93174 1.91227 1.82274 1.49266 1.93236 1.29780 1.96328 1.96324 1.93230 1.86641 1.39922 1.96615 1.21141 0.92988 0.91706 1.01286 1.21896 1.01154 1.01729 0.91601 0.93326 0.91742 0.90580 0.88543 0.86036 0.74828 0.92408 0.89021 0.92688 0.92902 0.91933 0.92426 0.92952 0.93159 0.92261 0.93083 0.92405 0.88300 0.89878 0.88340 0.76141 1.22440 1.21235 0.82936 0.82525 0.82663 Number of geometries 1 Number of calculations of the screened coulomb radii 1 The total number of SCF iterations 14. Note: The number of geometries may not correspond to the number of cycles due to rejected geometry changes. In the following table subtotal= G_P + SS G_CDS. Atom Chem. CM2 G_P Area Sigma k SS G_CDS Subtotal M number symbol chg. (kcal) (Ang**2) cal/(Ang**2) (kcal) (kcal) value 1 C 0.02 0.04 8.94 127.69 1.14 1.18 16 2 N -0.50 -0.48 3.71 -724.43 -2.69 -3.17 16 3 C 0.05 -0.17 5.03 85.56 0.43 0.26 16 4 C 0.52 1.19 7.55 87.66 0.66 1.85 16 5 O -0.56 -6.88 13.91 -3.01 -0.04 -6.93 16 6 N -0.70 2.09 5.27 -439.59 -2.31 -0.23 16 7 C 0.12 -0.08 4.34 45.61 0.20 0.12 16 8 H 0.08 0.37 7.47 -2.39 -0.02 0.35 16 9 C -0.15 0.14 7.05 31.21 0.22 0.36 16 10 C -0.09 0.41 2.91 -10.27 -0.03 0.38 16 11 H 0.10 -0.59 8.14 -2.39 -0.02 -0.61 16 12 C -0.06 0.21 0.68 -52.18 -0.04 0.17 16 13 C -0.15 0.38 7.53 71.98 0.54 0.92 16 14 C -0.14 0.33 8.42 71.98 0.61 0.94 16 15 C -0.14 0.56 8.33 71.98 0.60 1.16 16 16 C -0.13 0.66 6.45 31.12 0.20 0.86 16 17 C 0.14 -0.18 4.65 38.21 0.18 0.00 16 18 C -0.10 0.07 5.28 -19.73 -0.10 -0.03 16 19 C -0.05 -0.07 2.34 71.24 0.17 0.10 16 20 O -0.54 -0.84 12.88 -148.98 -1.92 -2.76 16 21 Si 0.75 0.08 29.92 68.60 2.05 2.13 16 22 C -0.06 0.14 8.20 22.25 0.18 0.32 16 23 C -0.19 0.36 5.37 -19.84 -0.11 0.25 16 24 C 0.51 0.09 3.31 71.24 0.24 0.32 16 25 F -0.18 -0.14 15.96 44.97 0.72 0.58 16 26 F -0.18 -0.14 17.24 44.97 0.78 0.64 16 27 F -0.18 -0.51 17.23 44.97 0.78 0.27 16 28 C -0.05 0.24 9.42 22.25 0.21 0.45 16 29 C -0.14 0.74 8.70 22.40 0.19 0.93 16 30 H 0.05 -0.15 7.47 -2.39 -0.02 -0.16 16 31 H 0.06 0.16 8.12 -2.38 -0.02 0.14 16 32 H 0.08 0.48 5.88 -2.39 -0.01 0.47 16 33 H 0.10 -0.89 7.48 -2.39 -0.02 -0.91 16 34 H 0.12 -0.71 8.06 -2.39 -0.02 -0.73 16 35 H 0.41 -3.82 8.70 -92.71 -0.81 -4.62 16 36 H 0.06 0.10 8.14 -2.38 -0.02 0.08 16 37 H 0.09 -0.01 5.72 -2.39 -0.01 -0.02 16 38 H 0.05 -0.08 6.43 -2.39 -0.02 -0.10 16 39 H 0.05 -0.10 8.14 -2.39 -0.02 -0.12 16 40 H 0.06 -0.20 6.00 -2.38 -0.01 -0.22 16 41 H 0.06 -0.17 8.14 -2.39 -0.02 -0.19 16 42 H 0.05 -0.09 8.14 -2.39 -0.02 -0.11 16 43 H 0.05 -0.06 8.05 -2.39 -0.02 -0.07 16 44 H 0.06 -0.26 7.61 -2.39 -0.02 -0.28 16 45 H 0.05 -0.15 8.14 -2.38 -0.02 -0.17 16 46 H 0.06 -0.26 8.14 -2.38 -0.02 -0.28 16 47 H 0.10 -0.46 6.02 -2.39 -0.01 -0.48 16 48 H 0.08 -0.57 8.14 -2.39 -0.02 -0.59 16 49 H 0.10 0.64 7.78 -2.39 -0.02 0.62 16 50 H 0.39 -2.93 8.70 -74.05 -0.64 -3.58 16 51 H -0.30 -2.37 7.11 99.48 0.71 -1.67 16 52 H -0.29 -1.50 7.11 99.48 0.71 -0.79 16 53 H 0.15 -0.83 5.12 -2.91 -0.01 -0.85 16 54 H 0.16 -1.17 7.15 -2.91 -0.02 -1.19 16 55 H 0.16 -1.47 7.16 -2.91 -0.02 -1.49 16 Total: 0.00 -18.88 438.89 2.38 -16.50 By element: Atomic # 1 Polarization: -17.10 SS G_CDS: -0.47 Total: -17.57 kcal Atomic # 6 Polarization: 5.05 SS G_CDS: 5.49 Total: 10.54 kcal Atomic # 7 Polarization: 1.61 SS G_CDS: -5.00 Total: -3.40 kcal Atomic # 8 Polarization: -7.73 SS G_CDS: -1.96 Total: -9.69 kcal Atomic # 9 Polarization: -0.78 SS G_CDS: 2.27 Total: 1.48 kcal Atomic # 14 Polarization: 0.08 SS G_CDS: 2.05 Total: 2.13 kcal Total: -18.88 2.38 -16.50 kcal The number of atoms in the molecule is 55 The average number of expansion shells was 16.00 The maximum number of expansion shells was 16 The minimum number of expansion shells was 16 **** NOTA BENE **** This is the net solvation energy for this exact molecular structure (nuclear and electronic)! The standard-state solvation energy should be obtained as the difference between the heat of formation plus delta-G solvation for the relaxed solvated system and that for the relaxed gas-phase system. s_22_17664192_6406254.mol2 55 1SCF run This is a breakdown of the solvation energy calculated without geometric relaxation in solution: (1) E-EN(sol) electronic-nuclear energy of solute -129.645 kcal (2) G-P(sol) polarization free energy of solvation -18.876 kcal (3) G-ENP(sol) elect.-nuc.-pol. free energy of system -148.521 kcal (4) G-CDS(sol) cavity-dispersion-solvent structure free energy 2.377 kcal (5) G-P-CDS(sol) = G-P(sol) + G-CDS(sol) = (2) + (4) -16.499 kcal (6) G-S(sol) free energy of system = (1) + (5) -146.144 kcal 1SCF WAS SPECIFIED, SO GEOMETRY OPTIMIZATION WAS NOT USED Total computer time = 1.73 seconds